What Is Colorectal Cancer?

Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer or rectal cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the digestive system. It typically develops from abnormal growths of cells called polyps in the lining of the colon or rectum. Over time, some of these polyps can become cancerous.

Here are some key points about colorectal cancer:

1. Risk Factors: Several factors can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer, including age (risk increases with age), family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis), certain genetic conditions (such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis), sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and diets high in red and processed meats and low in fiber.
2. Symptoms: Early-stage colorectal cancer may not cause any symptoms, which is why regular screening is important. However, as the cancer progresses, symptoms may develop, including changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea or constipation), rectal bleeding or blood in the stool, persistent abdominal discomfort (such as cramps, gas, or pain), unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and feeling like the bowel does not empty completely.
3. Screening and Diagnosis: Screening for colorectal cancer can help detect the disease at an early stage when it’s most treatable, often before symptoms develop. Common screening methods include stool-based tests (such as fecal occult blood tests or fecal immunochemical tests) and structural exams (such as colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy). If colorectal cancer is suspected based on symptoms or screening results, further diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRI scans) and biopsies, may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease.
4. Treatment: Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer, its location, and the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery to remove the cancerous tumor and nearby lymph nodes, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The goal of treatment is to remove or destroy the cancer, prevent its spread, and improve survival and quality of life.
5. Prevention: While not all cases of colorectal cancer can be prevented, certain lifestyle changes and screening measures can help reduce the risk of developing the disease. These include maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, limiting red and processed meats, avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, and participating in regular screening according to guidelines based on age and risk factors.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, but with early detection and advances in treatment, many cases can be successfully treated or even prevented. Regular screening and adopting a healthy lifestyle are important steps in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer and improving outcomes for those affected by the disease.